Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar. Hyperglycemia is caused by defective insulin secretion or impaired biological effects, or both. Long-term high blood sugar causes chronic damage and dysfunction of various tissues, especially eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels, and nerves.
Using "family doctor"-Biophilia Tracker, can bring health and more protection to you and your family.
1. genetic factors
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes have obvious genetic heterogeneity. Diabetes has a family history, and 1/4 to 1/2 patients have a family history of diabetes. There are at least 60 genetic syndromes that can be accompanied by diabetes in the clinic. There are multiple DNA sites involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Among them, the DQ site polymorphism in the HLA antigen gene is most closely related. A variety of clear gene mutations have been found in type 2 diabetes, such as insulin gene, insulin receptor gene, glucokinase gene, mitochondrial gene and so on.
2. envirnmental factor
Obesity caused by excessive eating and reduced physical activity is the most important environmental factor for type 2 diabetes, which makes individuals with genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes prone to the onset of disease. Patients with type 1 diabetes have an abnormal immune system. Some viruses such as Coxsackie virus, rubella virus, mumps virus, etc., cause an autoimmune response and destroy insulin β cells.
Clinical manifestations
1. Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weight loss
The typical symptoms of "three more and one less" appear in severe hyperglycemia, which are more common in type 1 diabetes. The symptoms of "three more and one less" are more obvious when ketosis or ketoacidosis occurs.
2. Fatigue, weakness, obesity
More common in type 2 diabetes. Obesity is common before the onset of type 2 diabetes. If not diagnosed in time, the weight will gradually decrease.
Treatment voice
There is no cure for diabetes at present, but diabetes can be controlled through a variety of treatment methods. It mainly includes 5 aspects: education of diabetic patients, self-monitoring of blood glucose, diet therapy, exercise therapy and medication.
(1) General treatment
1. educate
It is necessary to educate diabetic patients to understand the basic knowledge of diabetes, establish confidence in overcoming the disease, how to control diabetes, and control the health benefits of diabetes. Make an appropriate treatment plan according to the characteristics of each diabetic patient.
2. Self-monitoring blood sugar
With the gradual popularity of small quick blood glucose meters, patients can adjust the dose of hypoglycemic drugs at any time according to their blood glucose levels. During intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes, blood glucose should be monitored at least 4 times a day (before meals), and 8 times when blood glucose is unstable (before, after meals, before going to bed and 3:00 in the morning). During intensive treatment, fasting blood glucose should be controlled below 7.2 mmol/L, blood glucose should be less than 10 mmol/L two hours after a meal, and HbA1c should be less than 7%. The frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients can be appropriately reduced.
Using Biophilia Tracker equipment can check the health of the body every day, understand the daily changes of the body, and play a role in supervision and management.
(2) Drug treatment
1. Oral medication
(1) Sulfonylureas
(2) Biguanide hypoglycemic drugs
(3) Alpha glucosidase inhibitor
(4) Insulin sensitizers can enhance insulin and improve glucose metabolism. It can be used alone or in combination with sulfonylureas, biguanides or insulin. Patients with liver disease or cardiac insufficiency should not be used.
(5) Glinide insulin secretagogue
Medication needs to be cautious, and you need to take the corresponding medicine according to the doctor's diagnosis.
2. Insulin therapy
Insulin preparations include animal insulin, human insulin and insulin analogues. According to the time of action, it is divided into short-acting, medium-acting and long-acting insulin, and has been made into a mixed preparation, such as Nuovorin 30R and Humulin 70/30.
(1) Type 1 diabetes requires insulin treatment. Non-intensive treatment takes 2 to 3 times a day, intensive treatment takes 3 to 4 times a day, or insulin pump treatment. The dosage needs to be adjusted frequently.
(2) Patients with type 2 diabetes who have failed oral hypoglycemic agents should first adopt a combined treatment method. The method is that the original oral hypoglycemic agent dose remains unchanged, and intermediate-acting insulin or long-acting insulin analogues are injected at 10:00 before going to bed, usually every other time. Adjusted once every 3 days, the purpose is to reduce the fasting blood glucose to 4.9～8.0 mmol/L. If the patients fail, the oral hypoglycemic drugs will be stopped and the insulin will be injected twice a day.
The biggest adverse effect of insulin treatment is hypoglycemia.
(3) Exercise therapy
Increasing physical activity can improve the body's sensitivity to insulin, reduce weight, reduce body fat, increase physical strength, and improve work ability and quality of life. The intensity and duration of the exercise should be determined according to the patient's overall health status, and find the amount of exercise suitable for the patient and the items that the patient is interested in. There are various forms of exercise, such as walking, brisk walking, aerobics, dancing, Tai Chi, running, swimming, etc.
(4) Diet treatment
Diet therapy is the basis for the treatment of various types of diabetes, and some patients with mild diabetes can control their condition with diet therapy alone.
1. Total calories
The total calorie requirement should be determined based on the patient's age, gender, height, weight, physical activity, and illness. First, calculate the standard weight of each person. You can refer to the following formula: standard weight (kg) = height (cm)-105 or standard weight (kg) = [height (cm)-100] × 0.9; the standard weight of women should be Subtract another 2kg. It can also be obtained by looking up the table according to age, gender and height. After the standard weight is calculated, the calorie requirement per kilogram of standard body weight is estimated based on the daily physical activity of each person.
After calculating the daily calorie requirement based on the standard body weight, it must be adjusted accordingly according to the patient's other conditions. Children, adolescence, lactation, malnutrition, weight loss, and chronic wasting diseases should increase total calories as appropriate. Obese people should strictly limit the total calories and fat content, and give them a low-calorie diet. The total calories per day should not exceed 1500 kcal. Generally, it is advisable to reduce 0.5 to 1.0 kg per month. Heat. In addition, older people need less calories than younger people, and adult women need less calories than men.
2. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates produce 4 kilocalories per gram, which is the main source of calories. It is now believed that carbohydrates should account for 55% to 65% of the total calories in the diet, which can be calculated by the following formula:
According to the living habits of the Chinese people, 250-400g of staple food (rice or noodles) can be consumed. A preliminary estimate can be made as follows: daily staple food is 200-250g for people on rest, 250-300g for mild manual workers, and 300-400g for moderate manual workers. More than 400g for heavy manual workers.
3. Protein
Protein produces 4 kilocalories per gram. It accounts for 12% to 15% of the total calories. The protein requirement is about 1g per kilogram of body weight of an adult. In children, pregnant women, breastfeeding women, malnutrition, weight loss, and wasting disease should be increased to 1.5 ~ 2.0g per kilogram of body weight. People with diabetic nephropathy should reduce their protein intake to 0.8g per kilogram of body weight. If they have renal insufficiency, they should consume high-quality protein, and their intake should be further reduced to 0.6g per kilogram of body weight.
4. Fat
The energy of fat is higher, and the calorie production per gram is 9 kcal. About 25% of total calories, generally not more than 30%, 0.8 to 1g per kilogram of body weight per day. Animal fats mainly contain saturated fatty acids, while vegetable oils contain more unsaturated fatty acids. Diabetic patients are susceptible to atherosclerosis, and vegetable oils should be the mainstay, which is more conducive to controlling blood total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
While paying attention to diet, the Biophilia Tracker Health Analyzer is used for body health testing, and Meta therapy is used to enhance the body's immunity and resistance, and restore the body's cell vitality.
SIGNUP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER
Subscribe free newsletter to get latest products and discount information.
